any([False, 1, "", {}])  # True
any([False, 0, "", [], 0])  # False

all([1, "hello", "False", [1]])  # True
all([1, "hello", "False", [1], ""])  # False

list(filter(lambda num: num > 5, [2, 3, 4, 10, 20]))

len("abcdef")  # 6

sorted("defabc")  # "abcdef"

reversed("hello world")  # "dlrow olleh"

"hi friend".replace("friend", "john")  # "hi john"

"HELLO FRIEND".lower()  # "hello friend"

"hello, how are you?".split()  # ["hello,", "how", "are", "you?"]

"     hello there!   ".strip()  # "hello there!"

"+".join(["good", "evening", "friend"])  # "good+evening+friend"

"hello" in "hello friend"  # True

x = input("How are you?")  # User input

x = input("How are you?")
if x.lower() == "good":
  print("Awesome!")

x = "hello"
x[1] = "g"  # TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment

x = 'He said to me, "Hi!"'
y = "He said to me, \"Hi!\""
long_str = """Wow! that is crazy!
I can't believe it!
What on Earth?"""

color = "red"
num = 20
print(f"My favorite color is {color}. I have {num} shirts with it.")

my_list = ["a", 2, "c"]
my_list.extend([2, "c"])
print(my_list)

print(my_list.count("c"))
print(my_list.index("c"))
print(my_list.pop())
print(my_list)

my_set = frozenset(["a", "b", "c"])

my_set1 = {1, 2, 3}
my_set2 = set(range(1, 4))
my_set3 = {x for x in range(1, 4)}

my_set4 = my_set1
my_set4.add(5)
print(my_set1)
print(my_set1 is my_set4)

my_dict = {"a": 1, "b": 2}
my_dict2 = {"b": 3, "c": 4}
my_dict.update(my_dict2)
print(my_dict)

my_str = "Welcome to Duke!"

my_dict = {}
for character in my_str:
  my_dict[character] = my_dict.get(character, 0) + 1
print(my_dict)

my_data = dict(
  item1={
    "status": "open",
    "description": "..."
  },
  item2={
    "status": "closed",
    "issue": "..."
  }
)

my_data["item1"]["status"]

my_key = (1, 2, 3, "four")
my_dict = {my_key: "my favorite numbers"}
my_set = set()
my_set.add(my_key)

print(my_dict)
print(my_set)

my_other_key = (1, ["a", "list"], 3)
try:  # All elements of the tuple need to be immutable too
  my_set.add(my_other_key)
except Exception as e:
  print(e)

class DiscardPile(CardDeck):  # Inheritance let's you reuse code
  def __init__(self):
    CardDeck.__init__(self, empty=True)

  def add_card(self, deck):
    drawn_card = deck.draw_card()
    self.cards.append(drawn_card)
    return drawn_card

my_deck = CardDeck()
discard = DiscardPile()
discarded_card = discard.add_card(my_deck)

try:
  some_complicated_function()
except Exception:  # Bad
  print("SOMETHING went wrong!")

try:
  some_complicated_function()
except MemoryError as e:
  print("Out of memory!", e)

def my_complicated_function(some_matrix):
  if not some_matrix.is_square():
    raise ValueError(f"some_matrix is not square!")

with open("my_file.txt") as f:
  f.readline()
  # ...
# Outside the above indentation f cannot be used as it is closed

with open("my_file.txt", encoding="utf-8") as f:
  print(f.readline())  # Supports many unicode characters

HEADERS = ["name", "age", "job", "favorite_color"]

my_data = [
  # ("amy", 20, "waiter", "blue") example entry
]

import os

path_to_folder = "./my_friend/stored/the/files/here"

for file_path in os.listdir(path_to_folder):
  file = open(file_path)
  file_as_lines = file.readlines()
  # [
  #    "person,age,job,favorite_color\n",
  #    "amy,20,waiter,blue\n",
  #    "barry,30,engineer,grey\n",
  #    "## we have only adults in the dataset\n",
  #    "carl,25,None,purple ## None means unemployed\n",
  #    "## this person did not understand the survey dan,29,superhero,pineapple"
  # ]

def remove_comments(line):
  no_whitespace = line.strip() #  => "## this is a comment"
  if "##" in no_whitespace:
    comment_starts_at_index = no_whitespace.index("##")
    filtered = no_whitespace[:comment_starts_at_index]
    return filtered.strip() # In case there are spaces around the comment
  return no_whitespace

print("test 1", remove_comments("  ## this is a comment  "))
print("test 2", remove_comments("person,age,job,favorite_color"))
print("test 3", remove_comments("person,age,job,favorite_color## comments   "))

file_with_no_comments = ""
for line in file_as_lines:
  comments_removed = remove_comments(line)
  if comments_removed:
    file_with_no_comments += comments_removed + "\n"

def get_delimited_entries(file_as_str, delimiter):
  to_return = []
  lines = file_as_str.split("\n")
  for line in lines[1:]:  # Skip header
    to_return.append(line.split(delimiter))
  
  return to_return

if file_path.endswith(".csv"):
  my_data.extend(get_delimited_entries(file_with_no_comments, ","))
elif file_path.endswith(".tsv"):
  my_data.extend(get_delimited_entries(file_with_no_comments, "\t"))

import json

# ... continued
elif file_path.endswith(".json"):
  as_dict = json.loads(file_with_no_comments)
  for entry in as_dict["data"]:
    my_data.append([str(entry[header]) for header in HEADERS])
else:
  print(f"Could not read file: {file_path}")
  
  file.close()
# end for loop over files

as_csv = ",".join(HEADERS) + "\n"
for entry in my_data:
  as_csv += ",".join(entry) + "\n"

with open("output.csv", "w") as output_file:
  output_file.write(as_csv)

import unittest
from my_module import my_func

class TestMyStuff(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_my_func(self):
        my_output = my_func(1, 2, 3)
        self.assertEqual(6, my_output)
        
    def test_my_func_with_strings(self):
        my_output = my_func(1, 2, 3, "h")
        self.assertEqual(60, my_output)
    
    def test_my_func_raises_exception(self):
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
          my_output = my_func(1, 2, 3, "h", "")